CSE Reviewer

Question 1

"Our new product is clearly superior because it's the best-selling item in its category." Which logical fallacy is most implicitly present in this statement?

Ad Hominem Appeal to Popularity (Bandwagon) Straw Man Slippery Slope

Question 2

All successful entrepreneurs are innovative. Some innovative individuals are risk-takers. Therefore, which of the following statements must be true?

Some successful entrepreneurs are risk-takers. All innovative individuals are successful entrepreneurs. Some risk-takers are innovative. No successful entrepreneurs are risk-takers.

Question 3

All roses are flowers. Some flowers are fragrant. Therefore, some roses are fragrant. This conclusion is:

Valid, because roses are a type of flower. Invalid, because the fragrant flowers might not be roses. Valid, because all flowers are roses. Invalid, because fragrance is subjective.

Question 4

Three statements are made: 1. The cat is black. 2. The dog is brown. 3. Either the cat is not black or the dog is not brown. If only one of these statements is true, which animal has which color?

The cat is black, the dog is not brown. The cat is not black, the dog is brown. The cat is not black, the dog is not brown. The cat is black, the dog is brown.

Question 5

A doctor advises a patient to take a specific medication daily for a month. The doctor assumes the patient will follow the prescription. What kind of assumption is this?

A scientific assumption A moral assumption A behavioral assumption A statistical assumption

Question 6

A doctor tells a patient, "If you take this medicine, you will feel better." The patient takes the medicine but does not feel better. What can be logically concluded?

The doctor's statement was false. The patient did not take the medicine correctly. The medicine is ineffective for everyone. The patient's condition is untreatable.

Question 7

A company decided to launch a new product line targeting millennials. The marketing team assumed that social media advertising would be the most effective way to reach this demographic. Which of the following is an underlying assumption made by the marketing team?

Millennials prefer new products. Social media is the primary source of information for millennials regarding new products. The new product line will be successful. Traditional advertising methods are ineffective for millennials.

Question 8

All engineers are logical thinkers. Some artists are logical thinkers. Based on these statements, which of the following is a valid conclusion?

Some engineers are artists. All logical thinkers are engineers. No artists are engineers. None of the above conclusions can be drawn with certainty.

Question 9

A witness states, "The suspect was wearing a red hat and a blue jacket." Later, the same witness states, "I distinctly remember the suspect having no hat." These two statements are:

Consistent Contradictory Irrelevant Partially true

Question 10

A city is experiencing a significant increase in traffic congestion during peak hours, leading to longer commute times and increased air pollution. Which of the following measures would be the *most effective* long-term solution?

Adding more lanes to existing highways. Encouraging carpooling through incentives. Investing in and expanding public transportation systems. Implementing a congestion pricing scheme for private vehicles.

Question 11

What is the next number in the sequence: 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, ____?

180 200 216 250

Question 12

A recent study suggests that consuming dark chocolate regularly improves cognitive function in adults. Researchers concluded that dark chocolate should be recommended as a dietary supplement for brain health. Which of the following, if true, would *most strengthen* the researchers' conclusion?

The study was conducted on a diverse group of participants. Other studies have shown that milk chocolate has no effect on cognitive function. The improvements in cognitive function observed were statistically significant and sustained over time. Dark chocolate contains antioxidants known to benefit overall health.

Question 13

Which figure completes the sequence: Circle, Triangle, Square, Circle, Triangle, ____?

Pentagon Square Hexagon Circle

Question 14

Which of the following is the odd one out?

Circle Square Triangle Sphere

Question 15

Prolonged exposure to loud noises can damage hearing. Frequent use of headphones at maximum volume is a common practice among teenagers. Therefore, it is likely that:

Teenagers prefer loud music. Hearing loss among teenagers will increase. Headphones are inherently dangerous. Teenagers will avoid loud noises in the future.

Question 16

WHEEL : CAR :: PAGE : ____

PAPER READ BOOK WORD

Question 17

A local government proposes building a new bypass road to alleviate traffic congestion in the city center. They argue that this will significantly reduce travel times for commuters. Which of the following, if true, would *most weaken* their argument?

The construction of the bypass will be very expensive. Studies show that new roads often lead to increased urban sprawl. The bypass will primarily serve through-traffic, not local commuters. Public transportation use has been declining in the city for years.

Question 18

If 'PARIS' is to 'FRANCE' as 'ROME' is to 'ITALY', then 'TOKYO' is to ____.

CHINA JAPAN KOREA THAILAND

Question 19

If a mirror image of the word "CIVIL" is rotated 180 degrees, what would it look like?

CIVIL LICIV LIVIC ƆIV⅃

Question 20

If 'SOUTH-EAST' becomes 'NORTH', what will 'NORTH-EAST' become?

NORTH-WEST WEST SOUTH SOUTH-WEST

Question 21

A scientist observed that a new strain of bacteria thrives in warm, moist environments. Based on this, what is the most logical inference?

The bacteria will die in cold, dry conditions. The bacteria is likely to be found in tropical regions. The bacteria can only survive in warm, moist environments. The bacteria is harmless to humans.

Question 22

Which of the following does not logically follow from the statement: 'All birds can fly'?

If a creature cannot fly, then it is not a bird. If a creature is a bird, then it can fly. Some birds cannot fly. Flying creatures must be birds.

Question 23

In a race, Mark finished ahead of John but behind Peter. Sarah finished ahead of Peter. Who finished last?

Mark Peter Sarah John

Question 24

If 'WATER' is coded as 'XBUFS', how would 'FIRE' be coded using the same logic?

GJTE GJSF GHRE HIRE

Question 25

A, C, F, J, O, ____. What is the next letter in the sequence?

S T U V

Question 26

A company implements a mandatory "digital detox" policy, requiring employees to disconnect from work emails and messages after business hours. The HR department believes this will improve employee well-being and productivity. What is a core assumption behind this policy?

Employees are currently overworking due to digital connectivity. Disconnecting from work will directly lead to improved well-being. All employees have personal devices for work. Employee productivity is currently low.

Question 27

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ____. What is the next number in the sequence?

30 36 40 42

Question 28

If 'RAIN' is to 'WATER' as 'SNOW' is to 'ICE', then 'CLOUD' is to ____.

SKY AIR VAPOR WIND

Question 29

To determine the average speed of a car, which of the following information is sufficient?

The distance traveled and the time taken. The car's maximum speed and the number of stops. The car's acceleration and its starting speed. The type of fuel used and the engine size.

Question 30

A researcher states, "The new vaccine significantly reduces the risk of infection." Which of the following is an unstated assumption in this claim?

The vaccine has no side effects. There is a measurable risk of infection without the vaccine. The vaccine provides complete immunity. The vaccine is affordable for everyone.

Question 31

A sign reads: "The statement on the other side of this sign is false." If the statement on the other side reads: "The statement on the other side of this sign is true," what can be concluded about the truthfulness of these statements?

Both statements are true. Both statements are false. The statements are paradoxical; their truthfulness cannot be determined. The first statement is true, and the second is false.

Question 32

Consider the statement: 'Every rose has its thorn.' Which of the following is a logically equivalent interpretation?

Only roses have thorns. There is no rose without a thorn. All thorny plants are roses. Some roses exist without thorns.

Question 33

If 'A' is 20 miles north of 'B', and 'C' is 15 miles east of 'A', what is the shortest distance between 'B' and 'C'?

25 miles 30 miles 35 miles 40 miles

Question 34

10, 8, 11, 9, 12, 10, ____. What is the next number in the sequence?

11 12 13 14

Question 35

Consider the following statements: I. All dogs are mammals. II. Some mammals are pets. III. My pet is a dog. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these statements?

All dogs are pets. Some pets are not mammals. My pet is a mammal. All mammals are dogs.

Question 36

Which word does not belong to the group?

Optimistic Hopeful Pessimistic Positive

Question 37

Imagine a square piece of paper is folded in half vertically, then folded in half horizontally. A small hole is punched through the center of the folded paper. When the paper is unfolded, how many holes will be visible?

1 2 3 4

Question 38

If you rearrange the letters 'CIFAIPC', you would have the name of a(n):

Country City Ocean Animal

Question 39

A sequence of numbers is presented: 3, 7, 13, 21, 31, ___. What number logically completes the sequence?

39 41 43 45

Question 40

All intelligent people are good at math. John is intelligent. Therefore, John is good at math. This is an example of:

Inductive reasoning Abductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Analogical reasoning

Question 41

2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ____. What is the next number in the sequence?

12 13 14 15

Question 42

Three friends, Alex, Ben, and Chloe, each have a different favorite color: red, blue, or green. 1. Alex does not like red. 2. Ben likes neither green nor red. What is Chloe's favorite color?

Blue Green Red Cannot be determined

Question 43

Z, X, V, T, R, ____. What is the next letter?

Q P O N

Question 44

Which of the following is the best synonym for 'Ubiquitous'?

Rare Limited Omnipresent Scarce

Question 45

A city council proposes a ban on single-use plastic bags, arguing it will significantly reduce plastic pollution. Which of the following, if true, would *most weaken* their argument?

The ban will disproportionately affect low-income residents. Reusable bags require more energy to produce than plastic bags. Most plastic pollution in the city originates from plastic bottles and packaging, not bags. A public awareness campaign about recycling would be more effective.

Question 46

What is the missing number: 7, 14, 21, ___, 35, 42?

24 26 28 30

Question 47

What is the next number in the sequence: 100, 96, 90, 82, 72, ____?

60 62 64 66

Question 48

2, 5, 11, 23, 47, ____. What is the next number in the sequence?

91 93 95 97

Question 49

A car's engine suddenly stops working while driving. The driver notices that the fuel gauge is showing empty. Which of the following is the *most probable* explanation for the engine stopping?

A spark plug failed. The car ran out of fuel. The battery died. The engine overheated.

Question 50

No birds are mammals. All cats are mammals. Based on these statements, what can be concluded?

All birds are cats. No cats are birds. Some mammals are birds. All mammals are cats.

Question 51

A restaurant owner decided to install security cameras, believing it would deter theft and improve employee accountability. What is the fundamental assumption the owner made?

Employees are inherently dishonest. The presence of cameras will change behavior. Theft is a major problem in the restaurant. Security cameras are affordable.

Question 52

If 'FOREST' is to 'TREE' as 'OCEAN' is to 'FISH', then 'CITY' is to ____.

PEOPLE BUILDING STREET CAR

Question 53

A marketing team proposes a new slogan for a product: "The best choice for discerning consumers." What is an implicit assumption made by this slogan?

Discerning consumers will immediately buy the product. Discerning consumers prioritize quality above all else. The product is the most expensive in its category. All consumers are discerning to some degree.

Question 54

A series of shapes changes as follows: a square, then a circle, then a triangle, then a square. What shape comes next in the sequence?

Triangle Square Circle Rectangle

Question 55

If A=1, B=2, C=3, and so on, what is the value of the word "EXAM"?

36 40 43 45

Question 56

What is the next letter in the sequence: B, D, G, K, P, ____?

U V W X

Question 57

A company requires all employees to attend a mandatory diversity training. The HR department's primary goal is to foster a more inclusive workplace. What is the most critical assumption underlying this initiative?

The company currently has a non-inclusive workplace. Diversity training is an effective method for promoting inclusivity. All employees will willingly participate in the training. The cost of the training is justifiable.

Question 58

A company is considering investing in a new technology. The CEO states, "We must adopt this technology, otherwise we will fall behind our competitors and eventually go out of business." This statement is an example of which logical fallacy?

Ad Hominem False Dilemma Slippery Slope Appeal to Authority

Question 59

A government proposes to increase taxes on sugary drinks to combat rising obesity rates. What is a key assumption underlying this policy proposal?

Higher taxes on sugary drinks will significantly reduce their consumption. Obesity is solely caused by the consumption of sugary drinks. The revenue generated from the tax will be used to fund health programs. The public will support the tax increase.

Question 60

A company observed that its sales increased after launching a new advertising campaign. They concluded that the advertising campaign was successful. What is the most significant flaw in this conclusion?

It doesn't consider the cost of the advertising campaign. It assumes that sales would not have increased otherwise. It ignores the possibility that the product quality decreased. It only focused on sales, not customer satisfaction.

Question 61

All members of the chess club are intelligent. Some students are members of the chess club. Therefore:

All intelligent people are in the chess club. Some students are intelligent. No intelligent people are students. All students are intelligent.

Question 62

A hospital administrator claims that the new electronic health record (EHR) system has reduced errors. Which of the following would be the strongest evidence to support this claim?

The time spent on documentation has decreased by 15%. A survey shows that 80% of nurses feel less stressed. The number of reported medication errors decreased by 20% after EHR implementation. The hospital saved $50,000 in paper costs.

Question 63

A politician states, "My opponent voted against the bill, therefore he does not care about the welfare of our citizens." This statement commits which logical fallacy?

Ad Hominem Appeal to Emotion Straw Man Slippery Slope

Question 64

"If it rains, then the ground is wet." Which of the following statements is logically equivalent?

If the ground is wet, then it rained. If it does not rain, then the ground is not wet. If the ground is not wet, then it did not rain. The ground is wet only if it rains.

Question 65

A town council is debating whether to build a new community center. Proponents argue it will increase community engagement. Opponents claim it will be too expensive. Which of the following, if true, would *most weaken* the proponents' argument?

The proposed budget for the center is double that of similar projects in other towns. A recent survey indicates that most residents are not interested in community activities. The town has not secured sufficient funding for the project. There are already several underutilized public spaces in the town.

Question 66

COMPASS : DIRECTION :: THERMOMETER : ____

HEAT WEATHER TEMPERATURE METER

Question 67

1, 10, 3, 8, 5, 6, 7, ____. What is the next number?

2 4 8 9

Question 68

All citizens have the right to free speech. John is a citizen. Therefore, John has the right to free speech. This is an example of:

Inductive reasoning Abductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Analogical reasoning

Question 69

Five students, A, B, C, D, and E, are sitting in a row. C is to the immediate right of A. B is to the immediate left of D. E is not at either end of the row. If A is not at either end of the row, and D is not next to A, what is the exact order of the students from left to right?

B A C E D E A C B D B D A C E A C E B D

Question 70

A large cube is painted red on all six faces. It is then cut into 27 smaller identical cubes. How many of the smaller cubes have exactly two faces painted red?

6 8 12 16

Question 71

Which of the following is the odd one out: CAR, BUS, TRAIN, BICYCLE?

CAR BUS TRAIN BICYCLE

Question 72

Arrange the following events in a logical chronological order: 1. Graduation from university 2. Enrollment in elementary school 3. Birth 4. Retirement from work 5. High school completion

3, 2, 5, 1, 4 2, 3, 5, 1, 4 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 3, 2, 1, 5, 4

Question 73

If 'APPLE' is to '5' as 'BANANA' is to '6', then 'ORANGE' is to ____.

5 6 7 8

Question 74

If a word is spelled forwards and backwards the same way, it is called a palindrome. Which of the following words is a palindrome?

RACE MADAM TABLE APPLE

Question 75

ICE : COLD :: FIRE : ____

SMOKE BURN HOT ASH

Question 76

If 'CAT' is to 'TAC' as 'DOG' is to 'GOD', then 'BIRD' is to ____.

DRBI BRDI DRIB RDBI

Question 77

SCISSORS : CUT :: PEN : ____

PAPER INK WRITE BOOK

Question 78

If 'BOOK' is to 'LIBRARY' as 'PAINTING' is to 'ART GALLERY', then 'ANIMAL' is to ____.

HOUSE ZOO FOREST FARM

Question 79

If 'NORTH' is coded as 'SOUTH' and 'EAST' is coded as 'WEST', then 'NORTH-WEST' would be coded as ____.

SOUTH-WEST SOUTH-EAST NORTH-EAST WEST-NORTH

Question 80

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ____. What is the next number?

18 20 21 22

Question 81

If A is the brother of B, B is the sister of C, and C is the father of D, how is D related to A?

Father Nephew Uncle Niece/Nephew

Question 82

Every time I have watered my plants on a Monday, they have grown significantly by the end of the week. Therefore, I conclude that watering plants on Mondays promotes their growth. This is an example of:

Deductive reasoning Abductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Fallacious reasoning

Question 83

A student claims that getting a good night's sleep before an exam always leads to a better score. Which of the following statements *most directly challenges* this claim?

Sarah slept well before her exam and still failed. Some students who cram all night also get good scores. Studying consistently is more important than sleep. Exam anxiety can negate the benefits of sleep.

Question 84

GLOVE : HAND :: SHOE : ____

SOCK LEG FOOT LACE

Question 85

What is the next term in the sequence: Z1, Y2, X4, W8, V16, ____?

U32 T32 U24 T24

Logical Reasoning